Search results for "Average cost"
showing 10 items of 15 documents
Health care and societal costs of the management of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Spain : a descriptive a…
2017
Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition in childhood (5.3% to 7.1% worldwide prevalence), with substantial overall financial burden to children/adolescents, their families, and society. The aims of this study were to describe the clinical characteristics of children and adolescents with ADHD in Spain, estimate the associated direct/indirect costs of the disorder, and assess whether the characteristics and financial costs differed between children/adolescents adequately responding to currently available pharmacotherapies compared with children/adolescents for whom pharmacotherapies failed. Methods This was a multicenter, cross-secti…
Marginal abatement cost of carbon dioxide emissions in the provision of urban drinking water
2021
Abstract Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a major challenge faced by cities seeking to improve their environmental sustainability. Doing so requires a good understanding of the costs associated with lowering emissions and factors that may influence this cost. This study estimated the marginal abatement cost of reducing both direct and indirect CO2 emissions in the provision of drinking water by several water companies in England and Wales. The results indicated that during the years 2013–2018, the average cost to the English and Welsh water industry to prevent 1 kg of CO2 emissions was 0.264₤ which was equivalent to 61% of the price of the delivered drinking water The results of the Mor…
Optimization of Long-Run Average-Flow Cost in Networks With Time-Varying Unknown Demand
2010
We consider continuous-time robust network flows with capacity constraints and unknown but bounded time-varying demand. The problem of interest is to design a control strategy off-line with no knowledge of the demand realization. Such a control strategy regulates the flow on-line as a function of the realized demand. We address both the case of systems without and with buffers. The main novelty in this work is that we consider a convex cost which is a function of the long-run average-flow and average-demand. We distinguish a worst-case scenario where the demand is the worst-one from a deterministic scenario where the demand has a neutral behavior. The resulting strategies are called min-max…
Postoperative Costs Associated With Outcomes After Cardiac Surgery With Extracorporeal Circulation: Role of Antithrombin Levels
2012
Objective: To study the impact on postoperative costs of a patient's antithrombin levels associated with outcomes after cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Design: An analytic decision model was designed to estimate costs and clinical outcomes after cardiac surgery in a typical patient with low antithrombin levels (= 63.7%). The data used in the model were obtained from a literature review and subsequently validated by a panel of experts in cardiothoracic anesthesiology. Setting: Multi-institutional (14 Spanish hospitals). Participants: Consultant anesthesiologists. Measurements and Main Results: A sensitivity analysis of extreme scenarios was carried out to assess the impact o…
Strictly convex variable cost does not imply U-shaped average cost
2016
Abstract We show that strictly convex variable costs do not imply U-shaped average costs and provide a sufficient condition for U-shaped average costs. As an application we study endogenous entry when firms have market power and they have decreasing average cost but increasing marginal cost.
Beyond Viner: Smoothed Cost Curves and Co-Detetermination of Output and Production Capacity
2017
We address two problems of traditional cost functions: the discontinuity caused by the production capacity (the marginal cost abruptly becomes infinite when production capacity is reached) and the production capacity is artificially exogenous. So, we introduce a smoothed form of marginal cost function. It progressively tends to infinity when it approaches to the production capacity. Then, we prove that it is perfectly possible to determine directly output, fixed costs and production capacity simultaneously, even if this could lead to a system of equations that is not so elementary to solve because it includes a Lambert function. We also show that the smoothed cost function prevails in both …
On the evolution of monopoly pricing in Internet-assisted search markets
2014
This study examines the evolution of prices in markets with Internet price-comparison search engines. The empirical study analyzes laboratory data of prices available to informed consumers, for two industry sizes and two conditions on the sample (complete and incomplete). Distributions are typically bimodal. One of the two modes of distribution, corresponding to monopoly pricing, tends to attract such pricing strategies increasingly over time. The second one, corresponding to interior pricing, follows a decreasing trend. Monopoly pricing can serve as a means of insurance against more competitive (but riskier) behavior. In fact, experimental subjects who initially earn low profits due to int…
Average flow constraints and stabilizability in uncertain production-distribution systems
2009
We consider a multi-inventory system with controlled flows and uncertain demands (disturbances) bounded within assigned compact sets. The system is modelled as a first-order one integrating the discrepancy between controlled flows and demands at different sites/nodes. Thus, the buffer levels at the nodes represent the system state. Given a long-term average demand, we are interested in a control strategy that satisfies just one of two requirements: (i) meeting any possible demand at each time (worst case stability) or (ii) achieving a predefined flow in the average (average flow constraints). Necessary and sufficient conditions for the achievement of both goals have been proposed by the aut…
Osteoporosis: Economic Burden of Disease in Italy.
2020
Background and Objective: Today, osteoporosis is the most common bone disease and an important public health problem in all developed countries. The objective of this study was to estimate the costs associated with the management and treatment of osteoporosis in order to assess the economic burden in Italy for 2017, in terms of direct medical costs and social security costs. Methods: A cost of illness model was developed to estimate the average cost per year sustained by the NHS (National Health Service) and Social Security System in Italy. A systematic literature review was performed to obtain epidemiological, direct and indirect costs parameters where available. Hospitalisation costs were…
Prescribing behaviour of practitioners in public and private hospitals in Pakistan evaluated using the World Health Organization (WHO) indicators: A …
2017
Summary Introduction The non-rational use of medicines by medical practitioner in their prescribing practices might lead to therapeutic failure. The aim of this research was to evaluate medical prescriptions and to highlight differences in behaviour between prescribers of public and private hospitals in Karachi (Pakistan). Materials and methods This is a retrospective study conducted between November 2015 to October 2016 in 4 public hospitals and 4 private hospitals in Karachi. A total of 120,096 (n) prescriptions were collected from both public and private hospitals. The data were evaluated with WHO indicators for rational use of medicines. Results The average number of drugs per prescript…